Sampling procedures
In 1997, 2872 children from 255 schools were in the final samples to participate in national monitoring. About half were in year 4, the other half in year 8. At each level, 120 schools were selected randomly from national lists of state, integrated and private schools teaching at that level, with their probability of selection proportional to the number of students enrolled in the level. The process used ensured that each region was fairly represented. Schools with fewer than four students enrolled at the given level were excluded, as were special schools and Kura Kaupapa schools (by mutual agreement, the latter will be included from 1999 onwards). Early in May 1997, the Ministry of Education provided computer files containing lists of eligible schools with year 4 and year 8 students, organised by region and district, including year 4 and year 8 roll numbers drawn from school statistical returns based on enrolments at 1 March 1997. From these lists, we randomly selected 120 schools with year 4 students and 120 schools with year 8 students. Schools with four students in year 4 or 8 had about a one percent chance of being selected, while some of the largest intermediate (year 7 and 8) schools had a more than 90 percent chance of inclusion. In the five cases where the same school was chosen at both year 4 and year 8 level, a replacement year 4 school of similar size was chosen from the same region and district, type and size of school.

Pairing small schools
At the year 8 level, 4 of the 120 chosen schools had less than 12 year 8 students. For each of these schools, we identified the nearest small school which met our criteria to be paired with the first school. Wherever possible, schools with 8 to 11 students were paired with schools with 4 to 7 students, and vice versa. However, the travelling distances between the schools were also taken into account. Similar pairing procedures were followed at the year 4 level, creating 11 pairs of schools at this level.

Contacting schools
During the second and third weeks of May, we attempted to telephone the principals or acting principals of all schools in the year 8 sample. We made contact with all schools during that period, where necessary leaving messages for the principal to return our call on the Project's 0800 number. In our telephone calls with the principals, we briefly explained the purpose of national monitoring, the safeguards for schools and students, and the practical demands participation would make on schools and students. We informed the principals about the materials which would be arriving in the school (a copy of a 15 minute NEMP videotape plus copies for all staff and trustees of the NEMP brochure and detailed booklet for sample schools). We asked the principals to consult with their staff and Board of Trustees and confirm their participation by the end of June. A similar procedure was followed in June with the principals of the schools selected in the year 4 sample, and they were asked to respond to the invitation by the end of July.

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Response from schools
Of the 255 schools invited to participate, 254 agreed. The one school which declined participation was a small Christian school. It was replaced in the sample by the next larger school in the same district.

Sampling of students
With their confirmation of participation, each school sent a list of the names of all year 4 or year 8 students on their roll. Using computer generated random numbers, we randomly selected the required number of students (12, or 4 plus 8 in a pair of small schools), at the same time clustering them into random groups of four students. The schools were then sent a list of their selected students and invited to inform us if special care would be needed in assessing any of those children (e.g. children with disabilities or limited skills in English). At the year 8 level, we received about 52 comments from schools about particular students. In 23 cases, we randomly selected replacement students because the children initially selected had left the school between the time the roll was provided and the start of the assessment programme in the school, or were expected to be away throughout the assessment week. The remaining 29 comments concerned children with special needs. Each such child was discussed with the school and a decision agreed. Three students were replaced because they were very recent immigrants who had extremely limited English language skills. Five students were replaced because they had disabilities of such seriousness that it was agreed that the students would be placed at emotional risk if they participated. Participation was agreed upon for the remaining 21 students, but a special note was prepared to give additional guidance to the teachers who would assess them. In the corresponding operation at year 4 level, we received 158 comments from schools about particular students. In part, the larger number arose because there was a longer time gap between our receipt of the class rolls and the assessment weeks. This meant that 72 children originally selected needed to be replaced because they had left the school. Eight students were mentioned because of their ESOL status. Of these, one very recent immigrant was replaced. Five students were mentioned because they were participants in total immersion Mäori language programmes. Assessment in Mäori was arranged for the three immersion students at one school, and two immersion students were replaced. One student was replaced because she had been reclassified as year 3. Other special needs were mentioned for 71 children, and 22 of these children were replaced (5 because of very severe physical disabilities, and 17 because of concerns about their ability to cope with the assessment situation). Special notes for the assessing teachers were made about 59 children retained in the sample.

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Communication with parents
Following these discussions with the school, Project staff prepared letters to all of the parents, including a copy of the NEMP brochure, and asked the schools to address the letters and mail them. Parents were told they could obtain further information from Project staff (using an 0800 number) or their school principal, and advised that they had the right to ask that their child be excluded from the assessment. Our 0800 number was monitored in evenings, as well as during the day, for two weeks following each mailing of letters to parents. At the year 8 level, we received about 20 phone calls including several from students wanting more information about what would be involved. The main issues raised by parents were our reasons for selection of their child, a wish for fuller details or reiteration of what would be involved, concerns about the use of video equipment, or reluctance of the child to take part. Eleven children were replaced as a result of these contacts, one at the child's request, and ten at the parents' request (three were Exclusive Brethren and did not allow video viewing, one did not want her child video recorded, two were concerned about their child's language skills, two about stress, and two gave no reason) At the year 4 level we received about 15 phone calls from parents. Some wanted details confirmed or explained (notably about reasons for selection). One child chose to withdraw even though her parents were happy for her participate. Three children were replaced at parents' request because the parents were concerned about additional stress for their children.

Practical arrangements with schools
On the basis of preferences expressed by the schools, we then allocated each school to one of the five assessment weeks available and gave them contact information for the two teachers who would come to the school for a week to conduct the assessments. We also provided information about the assessment schedule and the space and furniture requirements, offering to pay for hire of a nearby facility if the school was too crowded to accommodate the assessment programme.

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Results of the sampling process
As a result of the considerable care taken, and the attractiveness of the assessment arrangements to schools and children, the attrition from the initial sample was low. Less than one percent of selected schools did not participate, and less than three percent of the originally sampled children had to be replaced for reasons other than their transfer to another school. The sample can be regarded as very representative of the population from which it was chosen (all children in New Zealand schools at the two class levels except the one to two percent in special schools, Kura Kaupapa schools, or schools with less than four year 4 or year 8 children). Of course, not all the children in the sample were actually able to be assessed. One year 8 school (12 children) was lost from the sample because of the death of the Deputy Principal one day before the assessment was to begin. Ten year 8 students and 22 year 4 students left school at short notice and could not be replaced. Twenty-one year 8 students and eight year 4 students were absent all week, and missed all of their assesment sessions. Some were absent from school for some of their assessment sessions, and a small percentage of performances were lost because of malfunctions in the video recording process. For many tasks, over 95 percent of the sample were assessed. No task had less than 90 percent of the sample assessed. Given the complexity of the Project, this was a very acceptable success rate.

Composition of the sample
Because of the sampling approach used, regions were fairly represented in the sample, in approximate proportion to the number of school children in the regions.

Region

Northland